A person is attacked by various pathological microorganisms. Some are transmitted by airborne droplets, others through the blood. How to deal with blood infections, and what are the causes of their occurrence?

What is a blood infection?

This is an infectious disease that occurs when pathogenic microflora enters the body through the blood. Recently, such microorganisms often affect human health. The causative agents of blood infections are viruses, protozoa, bacteria and rickettsiae. They are constantly in circulatory system, that is, in a closed space, and cannot freely leave the human body.

They include such special dangerous infections like plague, yellow fever, malaria, typhus. These diseases are most often carried by insects: ticks, fleas, lice. Such a blood infection is transmitted through the saliva of an insect from one person or animal to another at the moment when they are bitten by this same insect. This type of disease also includes HIV infection and viral hepatitis. They can enter the human body through contaminated instruments, through sexual contact.

What types of these diseases are there?

Blood infection is of two types: transmissible and non-transmissible. Transmissible blood infections are carried by living beings. These include plague, malaria, hemorrhagic fevers, and typhus. The sources of such infections can be a sick person or animal, and insects can be carriers.

Non-transmissible blood infections are transmitted directly from person to person during contact.

Infectious processes in the blood can be bacterial and viral. Blood viral infections occur when a pathogen of the corresponding type enters the human body. It could be human immunodeficiency virus or viral hepatitis. Bloodborne bacterial infections occur when a bacterium, such as the causative agent of malaria, enters the body.

Ways of transmission of blood infections

Among the ways of transmission of blood infections are:

• transmissible;
• natural;
• artificial.

A transmissible blood infection, that is, arising from infection through the blood, occurs when some insects bite.

The natural route of transmission of this pathology occurs from mother to fetus, during breastfeeding, during sexual intercourse.

A disease such as malaria can only occur if the malarial plasmodium goes through a cycle of development in the body of a female mosquito of the Anopheles genus.

Rodents such as rats play a huge role in causing an outbreak of plague. And tick-borne encephalitis can be transmitted by ticks that carry this infection.

Therefore, as a preventive measure for blood infections, the leading role belongs to such measures as disinfection (the fight against pathogenic organisms), disinsection (the fight against insects that spread pathogenic microorganisms), deratization (the fight against wild rodents).

Signs of a blood infection in humans

When the causative agent of the infectious process enters the human body, its enhanced reproduction occurs. This is reflected both in the well-being of a person, in his appearance, and in laboratory and clinical indicators.

All infectious diseases, transmitted through the blood, have their own manifestations, but there are those that are common to all these pathologies. Symptoms of a blood infection in humans are:

• rapid pulse;
• increase in body temperature;
• pain in the head;
• weakness;
• lethargy;
• loss of appetite;
• skin becomes pale;
• diarrhea or vomiting may occur.

Diagnosis of blood infections

If an infection is suspected in the patient's blood, he is prescribed a clinical analysis of this biological fluid. In the presence of an infectious focus, the results of the analysis will show an increase in the number of leukocytes, sticks, and an increase in ESR. If malaria is suspected, a blood smear is taken on a thick drop.

Be sure to examine the urine for a general analysis. With advanced processes, kidney function is impaired, which will also affect laboratory parameters.

Mandatory for suspected infectious blood processes are biochemical blood tests. At the same time, blood is examined for HIV and syphilis (these tests are mandatory for any hospitalization and preventive medical examination).

If bacterial infections are suspected, bacteriological cultures are performed.

Treatment for this infection

Most blood infections are life-threatening conditions. Therefore, all patients with suspected this disease are hospitalized. Each infectious disease has its own specific treatment. But almost all require the appointment of antibiotic therapy, a large number vitamins and minerals that help the body cope with the disease.

Detoxification therapy is also prescribed in the form of intravenous drip infusions of glucose, Ringer's solution, saline.

Prevention of such diseases

To protect yourself from infections transmitted through the blood, you must follow the rules of personal hygiene. After using the toilet, be sure to wash your hands with soap and water. Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating warm water. Maintain cleanliness of bedding, personal hygiene. It is important to ensure the constant cleanliness of the body, clothes of a person, his shoes. This is necessary to prevent infection from entering the house.

Prevention of blood infections is also carried out at the state level, with the help of certain programs for draining wetlands, inspections, and so on. To get rid of lice in children's institutions and various organizations medical examinations are carried out periodically. After relaxing in the forest, it is important to examine yourself and children to avoid getting ticks under the skin. Constant washing of hands will help against pathogenic microbes on the skin. It is important to fight pediculosis, destroy mosquitoes and various rodents. Mosquito nets should be hung on windows in the summer.

Also, for the prevention of viral infections of the blood, promiscuity should be avoided. During medical procedures, only sterile instruments and gloves should be used.

The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!

Blood diseases and diseases of the blood system

Typical examples of blood diseases caused by a change in the number of cellular elements are, for example, anemia or erythremia (increased number of red blood cells in the blood). And an example of a blood disease caused by a change in the structure and functions of cellular elements is sickle cell anemia, lazy leukocyte syndrome, etc. Pathologies in which the quantity, structure, and functions of cellular elements change are hemoblastoses, which are commonly called blood cancer. A characteristic blood disease caused by a change in the properties of plasma is myeloma.

Diseases of the blood system and diseases of the blood are different names for the same set of pathologies. However, the term "diseases of the blood system" is more accurate and correct, since the entire set of pathologies included in this group concerns not only the blood itself, but also hematopoietic organs, such as bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes. After all, a blood disease is not just a change in the quality, quantity, structure and functions of cellular elements or plasma, but also certain disorders in the organs responsible for the production of cells or proteins, as well as for their destruction. Therefore, in fact, in any blood disease, a change in its parameters is caused by a malfunction of any organ directly involved in the synthesis, maintenance and destruction of blood elements and proteins.

Blood is a very labile tissue of the body in terms of its parameters, since it reacts to various environmental factors, and also because it is in it that a wide range of biochemical, immunological and metabolic processes take place. Due to such a relatively "wide" spectrum of sensitivity, blood parameters can change under various conditions and diseases, which does not indicate the pathology of the blood itself, but only reflects the reaction taking place in it. After recovery from the disease, blood parameters return to normal.

But blood diseases are a pathology of its immediate components, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets or plasma. This means that in order to bring blood parameters back to normal, it is necessary to cure or neutralize the existing pathology, bringing the properties and number of cells (erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes) as close as possible to normal values. However, since the change in blood parameters can be the same both in somatic, neurological and mental diseases, and in blood pathologies, some time and additional examinations are required to identify the latter.

Blood diseases - list

93. eosinophilia;
94. Methemoglobinemia;
95. Familial erythrocytosis;
96. Essential thrombocytosis;
97. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis;
98. Hemophagocytic syndrome due to infection;
99. cytostatic disease.

The above list of diseases includes most of the currently known blood pathologies. However, some rare diseases or forms of the same pathology are not included in the list.

Blood disease - types

This classification is very general, dividing all blood diseases into groups based on which general pathological process is the leading one and which cells have been affected by the changes. Of course, in each group there is a very wide range of specific diseases, which, in turn, are also divided into species and types. Consider the classification of each specified group of blood diseases separately, so as not to create confusion due to the large amount of information.

Anemia

• Acute posthemorrhagic anemia - occurs after a rapid simultaneous loss of more than 400 ml of blood;
• Chronic posthemorrhagic anemia - occurs as a result of prolonged, constant blood loss due to small but constant bleeding (for example, with heavy menstruation, with bleeding from a stomach ulcer, etc.).

• Red cell aplasia (constitutional, medical, etc.);
• Partial red cell aplasia;
• Anemia Blackfan-Diamond;
• Anemia Fanconi.

• Iron-deficiency anemia;
• folate deficiency anemia;
• B12 deficiency anemia;
• Anemia on the background of scurvy;
• Anemia due to lack of protein in the diet (kwashiorkor);
• Anemia with a lack of amino acids (orotaciduric anemia);
• Anemia with a lack of copper, zinc and molybdenum.

• Porphyria - sideroachristic anemia (Kelly-Paterson syndrome, Plummer-Vinson syndrome).

• Anemia of pregnancy;
• Anemia of breastfeeding;
• Anemia of athletes, etc.

Hemolytic anemia due to increased breakdown of red blood cells are divided into hereditary and acquired. Accordingly, hereditary hemolytic anemias are caused by any genetic defects transmitted by parents to offspring, and therefore are incurable. And acquired hemolytic anemias are associated with the influence of environmental factors, and therefore are completely curable.

Lymphomas are currently divided into two main varieties - Hodgkin's (lymphogranulomatosis) and non-Hodgkin's. Lymphogranulomatosis (Hodgkin's disease, Hodgkin's lymphoma) is not divided into types, but can occur in various clinical forms, each of which has its own clinical features and related nuances of therapy.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are divided into the following types:
1. Follicular lymphoma:

• Mixed large and small cell with split nuclei;
• Large cell.

• Small cell;
• Small cell with split nuclei;
• Mixed small cell and large cell;
• reticulosarcoma;
• immunoblastic;
• Lymphoblastic;
• Burkitt's tumor.

• Cesari disease;
• Mycosis fungoides;
• Lennert's lymphoma;
• Peripheral T-cell lymphoma.

• Lymphosarcoma;
• B-cell lymphoma;
• MALT-lymphoma.

Hemorrhagic diathesis (diseases of blood clotting)

• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (Werlhof's disease);
• Alloimmune purpura of newborns;
• Transimmune purpura of newborns;
• Heteroimmune thrombocytopenia;
• allergic vasculitis;
• Evans syndrome;
• Vascular pseudohemophilia.

• Hermansky-Pudlak disease;
• TAR syndrome;
• May-Hegglin syndrome;
• Wiskott-Aldrich disease;
• Thrombasthenia Glanzmann;
• Bernard-Soulier syndrome;
• Chediak-Higashi syndrome;
• Willebrand disease.

• Rendu-Osler-Weber disease;
• Louis-Bar syndrome (ataxia-telangiectasia);
• Kazabah-Merritt syndrome;
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome;
• Gasser's syndrome;
• Hemorrhagic vasculitis (Scheinlein-Genoch disease);
• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

• Fletcher defect;
• Williams defect;
• Fitzgerald defect;
• Flajac defect.

• Afibrinogenemia;
• Consumption coagulopathy;
• fibrinolytic bleeding;
• fibrinolytic purpura;
• Lightning purpura;
• Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn;
• Deficiency of K-vitamin-dependent factors;
• Coagulation disorders after taking anticoagulants and fibrinolytics.

• fibrinogen deficiency;
• Deficiency of coagulation factor II (prothrombin);
• Coagulation factor V deficiency (labile);
• Coagulation factor VII deficiency;
• Coagulation factor VIII deficiency (hemophilia A);
• Coagulation factor IX deficiency (Christmas disease, hemophilia B);
• Coagulation factor X deficiency (Stuart-Prower);
• Factor XI deficiency (hemophilia C);
• Coagulation factor XII deficiency (Hageman's disease);
• Deficiency of coagulation factor XIII (fibrin-stabilizing);
• Thromboplastin precursor deficiency;
• Deficiency of AS-globulin;
• Proaccelerin deficiency;
• Vascular hemophilia;
• Dysfibrinogenemia (congenital);
• Hypoproconvertinemia;
• Ovren's disease;
• Increased content of antithrombin;
• Increased content of anti-VIIIa, anti-IXa, anti-Xa, anti-XIa (anti-clotting factors).

Other blood diseases

Blood diseases - symptoms

However, it is possible to conditionally distinguish the symptoms of blood diseases inherent in all pathologies and caused by impaired blood functions. So, the following symptoms can be considered common for various blood diseases:

• Weakness;
• Dyspnea;
• palpitations;
• Decreased appetite;
• Elevated body temperature, which keeps almost constantly;
• Frequent and long-term infectious and inflammatory processes;
• itchy skin;
• Perversion of taste and smell (a person begins to like specific smells and tastes);
• Pain in the bones (with leukemia);
• Bleeding by the type of petechiae, bruising, etc.;
• Constant bleeding from the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and organs of the gastrointestinal tract;
• Pain in the left or right hypochondrium;
• Low performance.

Blood disease syndromes

So, at present, doctors distinguish the following syndromes of blood diseases:

• anemic syndrome;
• hemorrhagic syndrome;
• Ulcerative necrotic syndrome;
• intoxication syndrome;
• ossalgic syndrome;
• Protein pathology syndrome;
• sideropenic syndrome;
• Plethoric syndrome;
• icteric syndrome;
• Lymphadenopathy syndrome;
• Hepato-splenomegaly syndrome;
• Blood loss syndrome;
• feverish syndrome;
• Hematological syndrome;
• Bone marrow syndrome;
• enteropathy syndrome;
• Arthropathy Syndrome.

Anemia syndrome

So, the manifestations of an anemic syndrome are the following symptoms:

• Pallor skin and mucous membranes;
• Dry and flaky or moist skin;
• Dry, brittle hair and nails;
• Bleeding from mucous membranes - gums, stomach, intestines, etc .;
• Dizziness;
• Shaky gait;
• Darkening in the eyes;
• Noise in ears;
• Fatigue;
• Drowsiness;
• Shortness of breath when walking;
• Palpitation.

Hemorrhagic syndrome

• Bleeding gums and prolonged bleeding during tooth extraction and injury to the oral mucosa;
• Feeling of discomfort in the stomach;
• red blood cells or blood in the urine;
• Bleeding from punctures from injections;
• Bruises and petechial hemorrhages on the skin;
• Headaches;
• Soreness and swelling of the joints;
• The impossibility of active movements due to pain caused by hemorrhages in the muscles and joints.

Ulcerative necrotic syndrome

• Pain in the oral mucosa;
• Bleeding from the gums;
• Inability to eat due to pain in the oral cavity;
• Increase in body temperature;
• chills;
• Bad breath ;
• Discharge and discomfort in the vagina;
• Difficulty defecation.

Intoxication syndrome

• General weakness;
• Fever with chills;
• Prolonged persistent increase in body temperature;
• Malaise;
• Reduced work capacity;
• Pain in the oral mucosa;
• Symptoms of a banal respiratory disease of the upper respiratory tract.

Ossalgic syndrome

Ossalgic syndrome develops with multiple myeloma, as well as bone metastases with lymphogranulomatosis and hemangiomas.

protein pathology syndrome

• Deterioration of memory and attention;
• Pain and numbness in the legs and arms;
• Bleeding of the mucous membranes of the nose, gums and tongue;
• Retinopathy (impaired functioning of the eyes);
• Renal failure (in the later stages of the disease);
• Violation of the functions of the heart, tongue, joints, salivary glands and skin.

sideropenic syndrome

• Perversion of the sense of smell (a person likes the smells of exhaust gases, washed concrete floors, etc.);
• Perversion of taste (a person likes the taste of chalk, lime, charcoal, dry cereals, etc.);
• Difficulty swallowing food;
• muscle weakness;
• Paleness and dryness of the skin;
• Seizures in the corners of the mouth;
• Thin, brittle, concave nails with transverse striation;
• Thin, brittle and dry hair.

Plethoric syndrome

• Headache;
• Feeling of heat in the body;
• Congestion of blood to the head;
• Red face;
• Burning in fingers;
• Paresthesia (feeling of goosebumps, etc.);
• Itching of the skin, worse after a bath or shower;
• heat intolerance;

icteric syndrome

Lymphadenopathy syndrome

• Enlargement and soreness of various lymph nodes;
• The phenomena of intoxication (fever, headache, drowsiness, etc.);
• sweating;
• Weakness;
• Strong weight loss;
• Pain in the area of ​​​​an enlarged lymph node due to compression of nearby organs;
• Fistulas with purulent discharge.

Hepato-splenomegaly syndrome

• Feeling of heaviness in the upper abdomen;
• Pain in the upper abdomen;
• Increase in the volume of the abdomen;
• Weakness;
• Reduced performance;
• Jaundice (at a late stage of the disease).

Blood loss syndrome

• bruises on the skin;
• Hematomas in the muscles;
• Swelling and soreness in the joints due to hemorrhages;
• Spider veins on the skin;

Fever Syndrome

Hematological and bone marrow syndromes

Enteropathy syndrome

Arthropathy Syndrome

• Swelling and thickening of the affected joint;
• Pain in the affected joint;

Blood tests (blood counts)

• Total leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets;
• Calculation of the leukoformula (percentage of basophils, eosinophils, stab and segmented neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes in 100 counted cells);
• The concentration of hemoglobin in the blood;
• The study of the shape, size, color and other qualitative characteristics of erythrocytes.

• The amount of fibrinogen;
• Prothrombin index (PTI);
• International Normalized Ratio (INR);
• Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT);
• Kaolin time;
• Thrombin time (TV).

In principle, the listed simple tests allow you to diagnose any blood disease.

Definition of some common blood disorders

Infectious blood diseases

Viral blood disease

Chronic blood pathology

Hereditary (genetic) blood disorders

Systemic blood diseases

Autoimmune blood diseases

• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia;
• drug hemolysis;
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn;
• Hemolysis after blood transfusion;
• Idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura;
• Autoimmune neutropenia.

Blood disease - causes

Treatment of blood diseases

Prevention of blood diseases

• Identification and treatment of diseases accompanied by bleeding;
• Timely treatment of helminthic invasions;
• Timely treatment infectious diseases;
• Complete nutrition and intake of vitamins;
• Avoidance of ionizing radiation;
• Avoid contact with harmful chemicals(paints, heavy metals, benzene, etc.);
• Avoidance of stress;
• Prevention of hypothermia and overheating.

Common blood diseases, their treatment and prevention - video

Blood diseases: description, signs and symptoms, course and consequences, diagnosis and treatment - video

Blood diseases (anemia, hemorrhagic syndrome, hemoblastosis): causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment - video

Polycythemia (polycythemia), elevated hemoglobin in the blood: causes and symptoms of the disease, diagnosis and treatment - video

Intestinal infections.

The causative agents of this group of infections enter the human body through the gastrointestinal tract (enterally) with food or water. In the gastrointestinal tract, pathogens multiply and cause specific changes leading to the appearance of characteristic clinical symptoms. From the human body, pathogens are excreted mainly with feces. In those cases when the pathogen circulates in the blood (with typhoid fever), it is possible to excrete the pathogen through other excretory organs, i.e. with urine, saliva. Pathogenic microorganisms can get into food, drinking water, and when they are consumed, infection occurs.

Transfer mechanism faeces-oral.

Transmission routes food (alimentary), water, contact household. Transfer factors; food, water, dishes, care items, dirty hands.

The group of intestinal infections include:

Typhoid fever;

Paratyphoid A, Paratyphoid B;

Dysentery;

salmonellosis;

food poisoning;

Cholera;

Botulism;

Viral hepatitis A and E.

2. Respiratory tract infections (drip infections).

The causative agents of this group of infections are localized on the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, in the epithelial cells of which they multiply, which leads to the development of an inflammatory reaction. The spread of the pathogen occurs aerogenically when coughing, sneezing, emotional conversation with the smallest droplets of mucus and saliva, the pathogen is released into the external environment and with a stream of air when inhaled enters the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract healthy person. Transfer mechanism aerogenic.

Transmission routes airborne, airborne.

Transfer factors: air, dust.

To Respiratory tract infections include:

Flu;

Parainfluenza;

adenovirus infection;

Infectious moponushoe;

Diphtheria;

menipgococcal infection;

Smallpox.

An infection such as diphtheria has a household contact route of transmission through toys, a towel, but this is not the leading route of transmission.

In these infections, the pathogen is localized in the blood and affects the endothelial cells of the vessels. The transmission of the pathogen occurs only if the blood or its components of a sick person enters the internal environment of a healthy person. Transfer mechanism transmissible (blood).

Transmission routes parenteral, through the bites of blood-sucking insects (mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, mosquitoes), transplacental, sexual. Transfer factors: blood-sucking arthropods, blood and blood products, syringes and surgical instruments. To The group of blood infections includes:

Typhus;

Relapsing fever;

Tick-borne encephalitis;

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome;

Malaria;

Plague;

Tularemia;

Leishmaniasis;

Viral hepatitis B, C, D;

HIV infection.

4. Infections of the outer covers. The causative agent in these infections penetrates through damaged skin or mucous membranes. Infection can occur when bitten by an animal, through contact with a sick animal, when the pathogen enters wounds or mucous membranes. Transfer mechanism contact.

Transmission route wound.

Transfer factors: soil, secretion of glands.

The group of infections of the outer integument includes:

erysipelas;

Rabies;

Tetanus;

Anthrax;

FMD.

In a special group are especially dangerous and conventional (quarantine) infections.

A single generally accepted wording of the term "especially dangerous infections" still no. Usually these include infectious diseases, which are characterized by epidemic spread, a wide coverage of large masses of the population, severe course diseases, high mortality or disability of those who have been ill. These include anthrax, tularemia, typhus, relapsing fever.

To conventional or quarantine Infections include those diseases whose spread can be prevented by quarantines. The term quarantine is not accidental, it comes from the Italian word carante - forty, which implies a 40-day (longest incubation period) isolation of a person in order to prevent the importation of infection. Later in the 20th century, an agreement (convention) was signed, according to which international health rules were adopted to ensure the anti-epidemic protection of the state from the importation of infections and a mandatory notification of the World Health Organization (WHO) about the occurrence of cases of the disease was introduced. These rules apply to such infections as: plague, cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, therefore they belong to the group of conventional or quarantine infections.

An infection in the blood is called septicemia. Infection in the blood develops due to pathogenic bacteria that enter the bloodstream. Infection in the blood can be the result of any pathology that occurs accompanied by an inflammatory process.

As a rule, an infection in the blood begins to develop in young children, since children's immunity is not yet able to fully protect the child's body from pathogenic bacteria. In addition, in the case of inflammation, weak immunity cannot localize it only at the site of initial development.

Signs of infection in the blood are a sharp increase in body temperature, the development of fever, shortness of breath and progressive failure of the lungs. Among other things, the pulse may increase.

Infection in the blood develops very, very quickly. For this reason, its timely detection is necessary condition for a favorable outcome.

Manifestations of infection in the blood

- weakness, lethargy and malaise;

- symptoms may occur intestinal disease: diarrhea and vomiting;

- rapidly worsening health of the baby;

— critical body temperature;

- apathy and lack of appetite;

- fever and chills, pallor of the skin of the extremities;

- frequent shallow breathing;

- frequent heartbeat.

Toxic compounds produced by pathogenic bacteria damage blood vessels, leading to the formation of rashes called hemorrhagic rash, that is, subcutaneous hemorrhages. Appearing at the beginning as small spots, the rash grows rapidly, and small spots begin to merge into huge rashes that look like bruises. Infection in the blood is characterized by a rash that grows during the day. In severe condition, delusional states and fainting are noted.

Why does an infection develop in the blood

The cause of the disease lies in opportunistic bacteria that penetrate the bloodstream and begin to actively spread. Such pathogens enter the general circulation through skin lesions or through the oral cavity, but, as a rule, are eliminated by the immune system.

If the penetration of bacteria happened at one moment, then septicemia develops, that is, blood infection. The disease can occur against the background of any lesion of the body of an infectious nature.

Toxic substances secreted by bacteria cause the development of painful reactions of the body, involving the tissues of all internal organs and systems in the pathological process, provoking the onset of a state of shock. Often, septicemia can lead to death.

Therapy for infection in the blood

In order to prevent the infection from progressing further, treatment must be started as early as possible. If during a routine examination there is a suspicion of septicemia, the child is urgently placed in the intensive care unit or intensive care unit.

In order to combat opportunistic bacteria, very strong antibiotics are given intravenously.

After a specific pathogen is found, doctors prescribe targeted antibiotics that are most detrimental to the established bacteria.

With the help of an intravenous dropper, the baby is injected with all the required medications, substances that provide normal nutrition and normalize the work of organs and tissues that carry oxygen to them.

If symptoms of shock are noted, anti-shock treatment is carried out, consisting of medicines to increase blood pressure.

If necessary, the child receives humidified oxygen through a dropper.

If septicemia has developed due to infection from the wound and an infectious abscess, then surgical methods of fighting the infection are used.

The condition of a sick child is under constant control - indications are taken blood pressure, heart rate, blood serum biochemistry.

Blood infections- These are infections that are in the circulatory system of a person or animal and are transmitted through the blood. Some infections, such as malaria, typhoid, plague, are carried by insects - fleas, lice, ticks. They drink the blood of a person or animal and transmit to him the infection that is contained in their saliva. So a mosquito, having drunk the blood of a sick person, can infect a healthy person, subsequently drinking blood from him too. Infections such as AIDS, viral hepatitis, etc. can be transmitted from person to person through the blood. They can be transmitted in several ways: from a mother to a newborn child who, while in her womb, received an infection through the placenta; from one partner to another through sexual intercourse, as well as through blood transfusion or the ingress of infected blood into the wound.

Types of blood infections

Infections transmitted through the blood are divided into two types: transmissible and non-transmissible. Transmissible blood infections - this is when the infection is carried by living beings, these are infections such as malaria, tick-borne borreliosis, typhus, plague and others. Carriers of transmissible infectious diseases (typhus and encephalitis, mosquito, tick and hemorrhagic fevers and plague) are blood-sucking insects (mosquitoes, lice, ticks and fleas) or animals (rodents). Infection with these diseases is carried out when a person is bitten by an infected insect or animal (mice, rats) or can occur through food, infected urine of rats (sick) or flea feces. These infections are not transmitted from person to person. Non-transmissible blood infections are when transmission occurs through blood contact. These transmission routes are divided into two, natural and artificial routes. The transmission of non-transmissible blood infections occurs by blood contact - naturally: through the placenta to a newborn child in the womb, through household items (razor, toothbrush). Through damage to the skin or mucous membranes, transfusion of infected blood, injections, sexual contact from one partner to another, or during operations and endoscopic studies, infection can occur artificially. The blood-contact mechanism of infection contributes to the transmission of viral hepatitis C, D, B. and AIDS.

Signs of an infection in the blood

Pathogenic bacteria, entering the body of a person with a weakened immune system through the mouth, nose, damage to the skin (bites), begin to multiply and release toxins into his blood. As a result of blood infection, pathological changes occur in the work of all human organs.

The main symptoms of the development of an infection in the blood are increased heart rate, heat, fever, weakness, headache, diarrhea or vomiting, also apathy and lethargy, lack of appetite and pallor of the skin.

Treatment and prevention of blood infections

At the first signs of the development of these diseases, it is necessary to contact the clinic and begin immediate treatment. Patients with infections of this kind need urgent hospitalization. For a warning typhus the main event is the elimination of pediculosis (lice). Conducting a medical examination in organizations, child care facilities and sanitizing people who have pediculosis, disinfecting bedding are the main methods of combating blood-borne infections. Careful observance of personal hygiene (cleanliness of the body, clothes and shoes) is an integral part of the general culture of a person, which plays a crucial role in maintaining his health. Mandatory hand washing after visiting public places will completely protect the skin from pathogenic microbes.

Blood infections: plague, yellow fever, cholera, malaria, hemorrhagic fever are especially dangerous infections with a high degree of contagiousness and death, which are included in the group of quarantine infections.

Important anti-epidemic measures and the main preventive measures are the elimination of pathogens in environment(disinfection), drainage of swampy places. Destruction of mosquitoes, ticks, mosquitoes (disinsection) or rodents (deratization). For this, insecticides are used (hexachloran, DDT, chlorophos). Vents and windows in the rooms are closed with nets to prevent mosquitoes from entering inside. Increasing a person's immunity to infection (creating artificial immunity) by carrying out preventive vaccinations with various therapeutic sera, vaccines, gamma globulin. In the habitats of carriers of infectious diseases, special agents (dimethyl phthalate and diethyltoluamide) are used to repel them, which are applied to open areas of the skin and treat linen with them.